I. Objectives and demands
Students will be able to:
1. Grasp the main idea of the text: This unit tells us some information about the process of making a genetically organism through nonsexual means.
2. Analyze the structure of the text and master the skill of the reading: Appreciating Figurative Language
3. Master the key language points: important words, phrases and grammatical structure in the text.
4. Conduct a series of reading, listening, speaking and writing activities to the theme of the unit.
II. Teaching contents and arrangements
1. The first two periods
A. Intensive reading (90 minutes): Text A---- Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning
a. Pre-reading tasks (10’):
Background information
b. While-reading tasks (80 minutes):
First listening to the tape recording and scanning the text (5’)
Comprehension of the text (Ex.II) (10’)
c. Dwell on some new words and word formation (65’)
2. The second two periods
Intensive reading (90 minutes): Text A (continued)
A. While-reading tasks (70’ )
Detailed study of the text (important language points)
B. Oral Practice (20’)
Retell one of the famous symbols in own words; Ex I
3. The third two periods
A.Text Structure Analysis (15 minutes)
B. Finish the structure and translation exercises of Section A (30 minutes)
Cloze test on story summary (10’)
C. Extensive reading (35 minutes): Section B----Who Will Take Advantage of Human Cloning?
4. The fourth two periods
Listening comprehension & Oral practice of Unit 7--8 on Experiencing English Book 3 (90 minutes)
III. Teaching aids:
A tape recorder, some designed questions; supplementary material for writing.
UNIT8 Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning
(The first/second two periods)
I. Pre-reading tasks (10 minutes):
Background Information
1.Theory of Relativity: in physics, the problem of how physical laws and measurements change when considered by observers in various states of motion. Thus , relativity is concerned with measurements made by different observers moving relatively to one another. In classical physics it was assumed that all observers anywhere in the universe, whether moving or not, obtained identical measurements of space and time intervals ,According to relativity theory , this is not so, but their results depend on their relative motions.
2.DNA:(deoxyribonucleic acid 脱氧核糖核酸) the chemical at the center of the cells of living things which controls the structure and purpose of each cell and carries genetic information during reproduction.
II. While-reading tasks (80 minutes):
1. Listening to the tape recording (5 minutes)
2. Comprehension of the text (Reviewing reading skill: Scanning) (10 minutes)
1) How did the world react to the first successfully cloned sheep?
2) What are the two broad categories human cloning situations often fall into?
3) According to the author, why are twins more like than clones?
4) Biological speaking, what is the only possible major difference between a clone and the original?
5) Who do some parents want to save their fatally ill child through cloning?
6) Could cloned animals be used as organ donors?
7) How did Judith Martin suggest referring to one’s DNA donors?
8) What is the gravest concern about human cloning for society?
3. Some important words and phrases (difficult points) (65 minutes)
1.Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning(Title)
implication: n.
1) sth, that is suggested; sth. that is not openly stated
The journalists discussed the polictical implications of the war.记者们讨论了这场战争的政治含义。
I thought the implication was that they were splitting up.我想这潜在的意思就是他们分手了。
2）involving or being involved, esp. in a crime
He was suspected of implications in several robberies.他被怀疑涉嫌几桩盗窃案。
The implications of the general manager in the criminal case further complicated the whole situation.总经理卷入这件刑事诉讼案使整个形势进一步复杂化了。
2.Word last week that a scientist named Ian Wilmut had succeeded in cloning an adult mammal....(Para.1)
Word: n news or a message
Word came of his success abroad.传来他在海外获得成功的消息。
Word has been spread fast of the incidents on the streets.关于这些事件的消息在街上传得很快。
3. The laboratory process that produced Dolly, an unremarkable-looking sheep, theoretically would work for humans as well.(Para.1)
work for:
1) apply to
The rules of safe driving work for everyone. 安全驾驶的规章制度适用于每个人。
In addition, the results of the investigation work for the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America.另外，调查结果也适用于拉丁美洲说西班牙语的国家。
2） make efforts to achieve sth.
They worked for the complete abolition of capitalist exploitation of men by men,他们为彻底消除资本主义人剥削人的制度而努力工作。
4. A word with human clones was suddenly within reach.(Para.1)
within(one's) reach:
1) inside the distance that a hand, etc, can touch
He's grown so much that now even the top shelf is within(his) reach. 他长得真快，现在连最高的一层架子都能够着了。
2）inside the distance that can be (easily) travelled
I see that you live within reach of Seattle.我知道你住得离西雅图很近。
Compare:
beyond/out of (one's) reach: the opposite of "within (one's) reach"
An expensive trip like that would be completely beyond/ out of (my) reach.像这样费用高昂的旅行，我是负担不起的。
Promotion seemed out of reach of for me, even though I had been in the company for over twelve years.尽管我在这家公司工作12年多了，看来还是没有提升的机会。
5.It was science fiction coming to life.(Para.1)
fiction: n
1) stories or novels about imaginary people and evevts, as compared to other sorts of literature like history or poetry
modern fiction现代小说
postmodern fiction 后现代小说
The author's new novel is a fine work of fiction.该作者新写的小说是一部构思很好的作品。
2）an invention of the mind; an untrue story
All these promising statistics that type organization puts out are complete fictions. 该组织公布的所有这些让人充满希望的统计数字完全是 捏造出来的。
You never really know what’s fact and what’s fiction when he tells you something. 他告诉你事情的时候，你永远都不清楚什么是真的，什么是编造出来的。
6... .governments hurried to draft guidelines for the unknown,...(Para.2)
draft: vt.
1) make a preliminary version of (a document)
draft a constitution起草宪法
draft a telegram 草拟一份电报稿
She's busy drafting her speech for next week' conference. 她正忙着为下周的会议起草演讲稿。
2）engage someone to enter the army
He was drafted by the army and served for 4 years. 他被征兆入伍，在部队里服役了4年。
n.
1) a preliminary written version of sth.
By the end of the year Jim had produced a first draft of his new novel.年底，吉姆完成了他的新小说的初稿
I've made a first draft of my speech for Monday's meeting. 我写好了星期一开会演讲的初稿。
2) a written order for money to be paid by a bank , esp. from one bank to another
I arranged for some money to be sent from London to Madrid by banker's draft. 我安排用银行汇票的形式将一些钱从伦敦寄到马德里。
A bank cannot refuse to cash a banker's draft , whereas it can recuse to cash a cheque. 银行可以拒绝兑换支票，却不可以拒绝兑换汇票。
7....the splitting of the atom,....(Para.3)
split: v.
1) (cause sth. to ) break into two or more parts, esp. from end to end
The Americans successfully split the atom in 1944, preparing themselves for an atomic bomb. 美国在1944成功的使原子产生裂变,为制造原子弹做好了准备.
His trousers split when he tried to jump the fence. 他跳过篱笆时,裤子撕破了.
2) (cause sb. to) separate or divide into groups or parties
The committee was split right down the middle on this proposal. 委员会在这项议案上分成势均力敌的两派.
The two friends split over differences in opinion. 这两个朋友因意见不同而闹翻了.
n. splitting; division or separation resulting from splitting
Can you mend this split in my jacket?你能将我夹克衫上的裂缝补好吗?
There is a great danger of a split in the party if a competent leader is not found soon.如果不及早找到一位能力强的领导者，这个政党将面临分崩离析的危险。
8. ....the splitting of the atom,....(Para.3)
atom: n.
1) the smallest unit of any chemical element
atom-free zone 无原子武器区
atom scientist 原子科学家
Over 200,000 Japanese people were killed or wounded when two atom bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. 1945年在广岛和长崎扔下的两枚原子弹造成20多万日本人的伤亡。
2）a very small quantity or thing
She hasn't got an atom of common sense. 她一点常识也没有。
We hadn't an atom of food.我们一点食物也没有。
9. And wild questions on the topic of cloning continue to mount.(Para.3)
mount: v.
1) increase in amount or degree
Sales were mounting after prices were lowered.价格降低后，销售量就上去了。
Tension mounted as we waited for the decision. 我们等待着决定时，气氛越来越紧张。
2）go up or onto
mount the stairs 上楼梯
She mounted her horse and rode off.她骑马而去
He mounted the platform and began to speak.他走上讲台开始讲话
3）prepare and produce; organize
mount an exhibition筹备展览
The opposition is getting ready to mount a powerful attack on the government. 反对派正准备对政府发动一次有力的进攻。
n.
1) a lightweight horse, etc. kept for riding only
The old donkey is an excellent mount for a child.这头老驴使孩子的好坐骑。
2）sth. forming a back that is added for strengthening
I'm looking for something I can use as a mount for this picture.我在找裱这幅画的纸。
10....either to provide transplants for a dying child....(Para.5)
transplant: n.
1) an organ or plant moved from one person or one place to another
The transplant was accepted by the body.移植器官被身体接受了。
2）the act or process of transplanting
a heart transplant心脏移植
a kidney transplant 肾脏移植
a liver transplant operation 肝脏移植手术
v.
1) move (a plant) from one place and plant it in another
Tea was transplanted from China to India and Sri Lanka.茶树是从中国移种到印度和斯里兰卡的。
2）move (an organ) from one part of the body to another or from one person or animal to another
Doctors transplanted a monkey's heart into a two-yeat-old child.医生们将一颗猴子的心脏移植到一个两岁的孩子身上。
His face was badly burned and he had to have skin transplanted. 他的脸受到严重烧伤，不得不请医生 植皮。
3）move from one place and settle or establish elsewhere
Adults are not flexible , so they do not transplant comfortably to another place.成年人适应性差，所以移居别处会感到不舒服。
The entire business----factories , offices and warehouse-- was transplanted to Texas.整个企业---工厂，办公室和仓库---都迁到了德克萨斯州。
11.The cloning method used by Wilmut's lab requires combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell containing the DNA of the person to be cloned.(Para.7)
nucleus: n.(pl.nuclei)
1) the central part of a living cell
It turns out, however , that an egg with a replacement nucleus can, at least sometimes, develop mormally.然而，结果却是具有替代细胞核的卵至少有时可以正常发育。
2）the central part of an atom
atomic nucleus原子弹
3）the central part, around which other partsw are ground or collected
These 10,000 books will form the nucleus of the new school library.这一万本书将构成该校新图书馆藏书的基础。
These young people formed the nucleus of the club.这些年轻人形成了俱乐部的核心。
12.And that means that the nucleus must be intact.(Para.7)
Here "that" refers to "combining an egg cell with the nucleus of a cell" mentioned in the previous sentence.
13.They will try to find out once she's old enough to breed.(Para.10)
breed: vi.(of animals) produce young
Frogs will usually breed in any convenient pond.青蛙在任何条件适宜的池塘里都能繁殖
Thousands of waterfowl breed round the lake. 成千上万的水鸟在湖边繁衍后代。
vt. keep (animals or plants) for the purpose of producing young animals or plants
They've bred a new variety of rose with larger flowers.他们栽培了能开大花朵的新品种玫瑰。
Only the Chinese have successfully bred pandas and raised their babies in captivity. 只有中国人成功地进行了人工繁殖和哺育大熊猫。
n. a particular type of animal or plant
They also cultivate fine breeds of silkworms 他们也培育出了桑蚕的良种。
They belong to different breeds of sheep.它们属于不同品种的羊
14.What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para.11)
Meaning: What would happen of parents decided to clone a child in order to have organs?
What if ...: What would happen if ...
What if we go and see a film tomorrow night?明天晚上我们去看电影怎么样？
What if you go instead of me? 如果你代替我去回怎么样？
I sat till lunchtime thinking, "What if he doesn't come back?" 我一直做到吃午饭的时候，心里想着，“要是他不回来怎么办”
15.What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?(Para.11)
organ: n.
1) a part of the body of an animal or plant which performs a particular job
the organs of speech发音器官
She was in a critical condition after the heart transplant operation when her body rejected the organ. 心脏移植手术后她的身体排斥移入的器官，她处于危险之中。
The liver is a vital organ of the human body.肝脏是人体的重要器官。
2）a musical instrument
When gong for an outing, our monitor always brings with him a portable organ. 出去郊游时，我们班长总是带上风琴。
She played a beautiful tune on the organ.她用风琴弹奏了一首动听的曲子。
3）an organization, usu.official, that has a special purpose
A court is one of the chief organs of government.法院是重要政府机构之一。
16. Most experts agree that it would be psychologically harmful if a child sensed he had been brought into the world simply as an organ donor.(Para.12)
donor: n.
1) a person who provides blood or organs
a blood donor 捐血者
a kidney donor 捐肾者
2）a person who gives sth.
An anonymous American donor has contributed $10 million to the charity.一位美国匿名捐献者向该慈善机构捐献了1，000万美元。
17. But some parents already produce second children with nonfatal transplants in mind, and many experts do not oppose this.(Para.12)
fatal: a. very serious and having an important bad effect in the future or (of illness, accidents, etc.) causing death
It was a fatal accident---both drivers were killed. 这是一宗恶性事故----两名司机都死了。
One of the most difficult tasks for a doctor is telling a patient that he has a patient that he has a fatal disease. 作为一名医生，最为难的事情之一就是告诉病人他得了不治之症
Without immediate treatment, the fever may prove fatal. 要是不马上治疗的话，发烧是危及到生命。
He took the fatal decision to marry Martha.他做出了致命的错误决定，就失娶玛莎。
nonfatal: a. not fatal
The mistake is nonfatal. 这错误并非是致命的。
18. Cloning would increase the chances for a tissue match from 25 percent to nearly 100 percent. (Para.12)
tissue: n.
1) a group of connected cells in an animal or plant that are similar to each other
Radiation can destroy the body's tissue. 辐射能破坏身体组织。
The tissues of a plant or an animal are the masses of cells and cell products. 植物或动物组织是指构成该植物或动物的细胞核细胞产物的群体。
The body is make up of various tissues such as muscle tissue and nerve tissue. 人体有各种组织构成，如肌肉组织，神经组织等。
2）thin light paper
There was a box of tissue on the table.桌子上有一盒纸巾。
He used a piece of tissue to clean his sunglasses.他用一张纸巾擦太阳镜。
19.....one company is trying to alter the pig's genetic code to prevent pig organs from being attacked.(Para.13)
code: n.
1) a system of words, letters or signs which is used to represent a message
These criminals can find ways to break computer codes and transfer millions of dollars to their accounts. 这些罪犯能够找到破译计算机密码的方法，从而把成千上万美元转移到他们自己的账户上。
2）a set of rules which are accepted as general principles stating how people should behave a code of practice专业守则
the Highway Code 公路法则
a civil/criminal code 民法/刑法法典
From next September, private clinics will be subject to a new code of conduct and stronger controls by local authorities. 从明年9月起，私立医院将遵守新的行为规范，受到地方当局更有力的管理。
vt. translate(a message) into a code; encode
Product orders should be coded according to where they will be shipped.产品订单应按产品发往地编码。
20. How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? (Para.14)
refer to:
1) use a particular word, expression, or name to mention or describe sb./sth.
The scientists referred to the discovery as the most exciting new development in this field. 科学家把这一发现称为这一领域里最令人激动的进展。
The professor referred to him as a graduate student with a bright future. 教授称他是一位很有前途的研究生。
Please note in this sense the phrase is often followed by "as".
2）talk about a particular subject or person
In her autobiography she often refers to her unhappy schooldays. 在她的自传中她常常提到她不愉快地在校生活
The minister referred to the importance to the nation of the increased exports. 部长提及增加出口对国家的重要性。
3）go to sb./sth. or look at sth. for information
She spoke for an hour without once referring to her notes 她讲了一小时，一次都没看笔记。
If you refer to the dictionary, you will easily find the meaning of the word. 如果你查一下词典，很容易就可以找到这个词的含义。
4）direct sb./sth. to sb./sth. for help or to be dealt with
The shop referred the complaints to the makers of the articles. 商店把顾客的投诉转交给生产该商品的厂家。
The local court has referred the case to the High Court. 地方法院把此案提交给高等法院审理。
21.That still leaves some confusion over vocabulary.(Para.16)
1) the state of being mixed up or mistaken
There was some confusion as to whether we had won or lost. 关于我们是赢了还是输了，人们众说纷纭。
The news that the Managing Director was to resign threw the company's future into confusion. 主管人员要辞职的消息使公司的未来一下子变得不可预料了。
2）the act of confusing; mixing up
We 've got three people called Paul James working for us, so it often causes confusion. 我们有三个叫保罗.詹姆斯的雇员，因而经常引起混淆。
3）a state of great disorder
In the confusion , I lost my shoe and wasn't able to stop and pick it up. 混乱中，我丢了鞋子，而且无法停下来捡
There was a terrible confusion as everyone struggled manly in the dark towards the exit. 黑暗中，每个人都拼命朝出口挤，乱成一团。
22.The editorial director of one dictionary says that the noun "clone" may sound like a good term, but it's not clear enough. (Para.16)
editorial: a. of an editor
an editorial staff 编辑部全体人员
She's made a lot of editorial changes on their book. 她在他们的书上作了许多编辑上的修改。
I went to the editorial board meetings when I had the time.我有空就参加编委会
n. an article in a newspaper which expresses the editor's opinion on a subject
In an editorial , The Independent suggests the victory could turn nasty.<<独立报>> 在一篇社论中暗示，这胜利最终可能并非好事。
Today's editorial criticizes the mayor for the city's crime problems.今天的社论就城市犯罪问题批评了市长。
23. ....the deliberate altering of genes to create human beings according to certain requirements. (Para.18)
1) planned
The group decided to commit several acts of deliberate violence. 这伙人打算迟早及其蓄意暴力事件。
The car crash wasn't an accident; it was a deliberate attempt to kill him.这次撞车并不是什么意外事故，而是有人要蓄意谋害他。
2）moving , acting or thinking slowly and usu. carefully
We made a deliberate decision to live apart for a while.我们做出了一个深重的决定，打算分居一段时间。
Her way of talking is slow and deliberate . 她说起话来缓慢而谨慎。
v. think or talk seriously and carefully about
The Senate has been deliberating the question for three days. 三天来参议院一直在仔细斟酌这个问题。
They met to deliberate on possible solutions to the problem. 他们开会仔细研讨解决问题的办法。
24.Specifically, some experts are concerned about the creation of a new (and disrespected)
social class: "the clones".(Para.18)
specifically: ad.
1) The police Specifically told you to avoid the main road, so why are you on it? 警察明确地告诉你不要走大道，可你为什么要走呢？
It Specifically said on the label that the jacket should be dry-cleaned. 标签上明确说了这件夹克衫应该干洗。
2）particularly
These are the houses Specifically designed for old people. 这些是专门为老年人设计的房子
We don't know who Specifically was to blame for what happened, but we know which group of boys was involved. 我们不知道谁应该为所发生的事受到特别的谴责，但我们知道那一伙男孩与此有关。
25....how to classify the unfamiliar inhabitants...(Para.18)
classify: vt. divide things into groups according to type
Would you classify this book as sociology ro politics? 你会把这本书归入社会学类还是政治学类？
If you look in the classified part of the telephone book, you'll find plenty of hotels. 在电话薄的分类栏里，你可以找到许多旅馆
26....and endlessly debated whether or not they were humans. (Para.18)
The authorities debated whether to build a new car park. 当局就是否要建一个新的停车场展开辩论。
The United Nations Security Council will debate the issue today. 联合国安理会今天将讨论这个问题。
n. a serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part
a debate in Parliament on educational reform 国会就教育改革进行的辩论。
There's been a lot of debate about the cause of acid rain. 关于酸雨形成的原因已经讨论了很多了。
Education is the current focus of public debate. 教育是当今公众议论的焦点。
UNIT8 Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning
(The third two periods)
I.Text Structure Analysis (15 minutes)
The essay focuses on one central theme: the legal and moral implications of cloning. One characteristic writing technique that runs throughout the reading passage is listing, The essay lists a number of questions about the legal and moral implications that arise from cloning. The whole essay can be divided into 4 parts:
1.The first part is Para.1. It deals with the background situation of the passage, With the success of cloning an adult mammal, a world with human clones was suddenly within reach.
It was just like science fiction coming to life.
2.The second part is made up of 2 paragraphs, Para.2. and Para.3. The two paragraphs are about the strong and immediate responses to the background situation mentioned in the first Para. Governments hurried to draft guidelines for an unknown future and President Clinton ordered a national commission to study the relative issues. Some countries began examining the moral implications of cloning other species . At the same time cloning has generated a long list of difficult puzzles for scientists, politicians, and philosophers just like the Theory of Relativity, the splitting of the atom , and the first space flight.
3. The third part is the major part of the essay, consisting of 15 paragraphs, form Para.4 to Para.18. In this part the author lists as many as 6 puzzles or questions on the issue of cloning, The 6 puzzles are: 1) Why would anyone want to clone a human being in the first place? 2) Will it be possible to clone the dead? 3) Would a cloned human be identical to the original?4) What if parents decided to clone a child in order to harvest organs?5) How would a human clone refer to the donor of its DNA? 6)What are the other implications of cloning for society? All the 6 questions are about the legal and moral implications of cloning. We can find that the questions are provided with complete or partial answers form the up-to-date knowledge.
4.The fourth part is Para.19. which is a reiteration that the list of questions could go on and people are just beginning to wonder about the future of the world after cloning.
II. Finish the structure and translation exercises of Section A (30 minutes)
III. Cloze test on story summary (10’)
IV. Extensive reading (35 minutes): Section B
UNIT8 Legal and Moral Implications of Cloning
(The fourth two periods)
Unit15and Unit16(Experiencing English III: Listening and Speaking)
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